Confucius Biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Confucius Biography - Research Paper Example His dad was officer and passed on three years after the introduction of Confucius. By and by, Confucius got decent training and wedded at 19 years old. He likewise turned into a dad of one child and two girls. (Confucius Biography) Early Occupations During his childhood he needed to adapt such a significant number of abilities since fortunes of his family had declined. Confucius had a place with the refined family at that point known as the shih. Confucius in his first occupation is said to have filled in as guardian of the Lu silo. In the wake of filling in as a manager in the market, he functioned as a homestead laborer dealing with livestock. He additionally gave his administrations to the legislative leader of his area. Through his respectfulness, reasonableness and love for learning he immediately earned a decent notoriety for himself. His mom kicked the bucket in 527 B.C.E and afterward he included himself in his most adored quest for educating. It was the time of zhou (Chou) l ine when virtues won at its nadir. Confucius scrutinized the confusion and regretted the ethical guidelines won inside the general public. (Ann-ping) When he was 35, ruler Duke Zhao of Lu started a war; be that as it may, he moved himself to the neighboring nation of Qi. Duke Zhao kept on taking his recommendation however because of restriction of one of his committee serve he would not concede him the land and furthermore quit taking his recommendation. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Teacher He immovably accepted that old statutes of the sages can bring back the individuals to the high good gauges. His notoriety and name spread over the majority. Confucius got well known in Lu since he made maxims which were brimming with astuteness. Individuals learned through his lessons. He additionally helped and prompted the sovereign on viable and productive decision. He additionally came into contact with Lao Tzu; in any case, Lao scrutinized him for his pomposity. His course or exercises used to be fo r the most part history, music, and verse. He invested his part of energy in building up the thoughts with respect to the specialty of government. Continuously, he obtained a huge after. In spite of the fact that a considerable lot of his devotees came back to Lu and kept tolerating the situations with the Chi group. It is interpreted that due to these adherents he was welcome to Lu. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Effective Administrator When he was 50, the Baron of Qi moved toward him and looked for his assistance against a disobedience however he wouldn't go along. New Duke of Lu at that point made him a city officer. The city flourished under his administration and he got advanced a few times lastly turned into a Grand Secretary of equity and afterward at 56 years old, became boss pastor of Lu. He was very fruitful in his organization, presented the changes and apportioned the equity rapidly. Subsequently, violations were nearly dispensed with. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Neighboring nations began stressing that Lu would turn out to be a lot of ground-breaking. They diverted the duke by sending endowments and artists. On duke's ill-advised conduct, Confucius surrendered and left the nation. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) A Great Traveler Confucius visited close by states and voyaged a ton with the expectation that some other ruler would take his notice and attempt proportions of change; be that as it may, every one of his endeavors went futile. Confucius meandered China with his devotees for a long time and understood that his quality isn't very much endured. When he was captured and placed into prison for five days. He was likewise sought after into the field by a gathering of warriors orchestrated by envious aristocrats; be that as it may, he was saved by the ruler of a neighboring nation. A Political Leader His incredible accentuation is supposed to be on political

Cultural Anthropology Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Example For Students

Social Anthropology : Sociology, Intervention, And Policy Development ( Gwynne Pp ) Essay Applied social humanities is known to be â€Å"the utilization of thoughts, strategies, and information got from the field of social human sciences in the endeavor to add to answers for social problems† (Gwynne pp. 6). To be an applied anthropologist, you should have the fundamental aptitudes of doing exploration, intercession, and approach advancement (Gwynne pp. 7-8). Applied human studies has existed since the nineteenth century, yet was not in fact named â€Å"applied human studies. † Though scientists and anthropologists were keen on contemplating various societies they additionally worked in the scholarly community. Franz Boas for instance (Gwynne pp. 55) was a scholarly anthropologist who additionally participated time occupations in different fields of applied human sciences and turned into the Father of American Anthropology. After the New Deal was framed, employments in applied human studies were extending. Albeit, applied human studies appeared to stir during World War II when schools offered applied human studies to the military to comprehend remote nations and individuals living there. In the 1970’s the Society for Applied Anthropology was made and the â€Å"new government enactment commands anthropological association in chronicled, natural, and social arenas† (Gwynne pp. 55). As per Gwynne, advanced academe has been diminishing in enlistment, however the level of understudies moving on from applied human studies has been prospering throughout the years (pp. 55). Inside the applied human studies field, employments are for all intents and purposes interminable. Alumni of applied human studies can work in â€Å"development, backing, social work, the law and law requirement, business, social promoting, medication, and universal health† (Gwynne pp. 12). Be that as it may, when working with individuals and doing research on them, there must be e. . history of applied human studies since they all execute comprehensive quality, the manner in which individuals think, and associations with societies which is the means by which applied humanities got supported inside the remainder of the fields of human studies, social human sciences, antiquarianism, physical human studies, and anthropological phonetics. These analysts can connect and take an interest with their sources to all the more likely see how every one of these societies can identify with one another and help change lives of individuals who truly need assistance. With organizations like the WIC program, ladies would not get the assist they with requiring on the off chance that it was not for applied anthropologists looking into what the issue was that ladies were not enlisting into a program that they were qualified for. Likewise with the assistance of Feng’s look into, Chi nas the travel industry issue could in the long run return to a consistent pace and better condition for local people.

Media Analysis Example

Media Analysis Example Media Analysis â€" Assignment Example > RepresentationThis refers to methods or ways in which different groups are portrayed by the media. In other words, it is a tool that the media uses to present a particular group of people or the image created in viewers’ minds about a group’s class, race, age, ethnicity, and gender mostly through stereotypes. Media products are different from the reality. They are a representative of the reality, not the reality. Therefore, representation is a concern of how the target audience views or understands a group of people. Every time one watches a documentary or a movie or follows political events of a certain country, their understanding regarding that particular group or culture is broadened. For example, a documentary about Middle East presents a culture that lays much emphasis on morality and role of women, which differ greatly from that of men. Every media form is a representation of an individual’s concept; a reality using signs, texts, images, and symbols, which the audienc e can interpret. Without the media, our perception would be limited. Therefore, audience needs assistance from the media in forming their perception of reality. However, it is important to understand that since the media presents selected details not necessarily the entire information regarding a group or person, the audience receives a limited perception of that group or person. The viewers’ understanding is therefore, based on the coverage of the media product (Karina, n.d). GenreGenre refers to a category of literature or any form of media. It is a way of classifying media text depending on its content and style. African’s, for instance, have rich cultural background. Audiences have an idea of what a genre text will contain in terms of costume, background music, character, accent, and interactions. Audiences therefore, look out for specific genre examples of the content when they are experiencing the text. Concerning style, media texts depend on the convention when they are being constructed. For example, a car magazine displays a model of a car at the front page. In movies, the villain ends up in defeat with the starring emerging as the hero. Genre relies mostly on the way a media text is constructed, not just on the text's content. For example, a horror movie and a thriller have the same subject matter and the same ideology but belong to a different genre; a horror movie is based on supernatural phenomenon whereas a thriller is based on reality. Genres are more than just features of texts. They are mediating factors between texts, their makers, and interpreters. Genre makes it possible for the content to be communicated and influences how a text is read. It defines the framework within which a text is interpreted guiding readers to a reading (Daniel, 2000). A genre is important to producers in the sense that it has established audience so marketing is made is easy. This also works to the advantage of the distributor as they have a specific target market. Rhetorical ProofsThis is the art of improving the work of writers or producers dedicated to informing, persuading, or motivating a certain audience in specific situations. Rhetorical proof is the means of persuasion and appeal to the audience. It is further categorized into three forms; ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is the convincing character of the author. Audience tends to believe people they respect. It is therefore up to the author to create an impression that they are worth listening. For them to be able to persuade their audience, they must earn their trust. Ethos is therefore an ethical proof of how of how a speaker earns audience’s trust. A speaker ought to demonstrate intelligence and goodwill as well as virtue. Politicians, for instance, have to understand the culture of places they are intending to give speeches. One character who used ethos very well is Martin Luther King Jr. He displayed an intelligent image, moral character, and conveyed a message of good will.

Interest Group Politics and Collective Action Essay

Interest Group Politics and Collective Action The Human Rights Campaign is the largest gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender advocacy group in the nation. With over 400,000 members, the group is able to lobby very effectively in Washington and has an impressive legislative record. The HRC began in 1980 as a fund to raise money for gay-supportive congressional candidates. It was meant to be a response to the successful right-wing groups at the time, including the National Conservative Political Action Committee and Moral Majority. By 1984, the Human Rights Campaign Fund was effectively supporting congressional candidates, raising over 475,000 dollars. By 1990, the HRC had a membership of 25 thousand, and was organizing†¦show more content†¦The HRC, however, retains a high degree of legitimacy and effectiveness in the political world mainly because rights-advocacy positions have a high salience in the American political system. The group’s small, personalized constituency may even help in its efforts to mo bilize effectively, but that will be discussed in the next section. When examining the dynamics of any interest group, one benefits from keeping in mind Mancur Olson’s Logic of Collective Action. Each and every group of people must deal with the problem of collective action, the problem of discovering how to get each individual to act and contribute towards furthering a common interest. As I said before, the Human Rights Campaign may benefit from having a smaller, more personalized base of members. The gay community is extremely cohesive, especially when compared to other social and even ethnic groups. In many cities, gays reside, work, and socialize within a very tight sphere. This general characteristic of the gay community aids the HRC in combating the collective action problem since it makes the membership small and easier to break into even smaller parts. Larger, more loosely bound groups have a difficult time organizing because members perceive lower social benefi ts and greater probability that others in the group will do the work for them (Olson). The HRC will still have to deal with this free riderShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy of the Commons and Collective Action Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagestragedy of the commons and the problem of collective action are two key concepts in the world of political science. They act under the assumption that man is a rational being who will act in his own self interest. Humanity id broadly diverse meaning that each individual has their own ideas as to how society should run and how people should live.(heywood) This inevitably results in disagreement and this is where politics steps in. Aristotle described politics as the ‘master science’, ‘the activity throughRead MoreCollective Action Problems And Solutions Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesCollective Action Problems Incentives Required For Individuals to Work Together Collective action problems arise in politics because as individuals we are conflicted between our own interest and the interest of the group. Our choice is either to be selfish or cooperate with the group. â€Å"It involves building, combining, mixing, and amalgamating people’s individual goals† (Lowi, et al. 13). There are three main theories as to why collective action problems exist. 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To quote Cesar, â€Å"Et tu, Brute.† In politics having too much trust is a person or a system (such as a system with the Roman Empire, or an authoritarian regime), will have you end up like Julius Cesar, dead with the knives of you friends in your back. Many western nations have come a long wayRead MoreSocial Media On Political Engagement And Collective Action1699 Words   |  7 Pagesa decade, and it has already played an important role in different situations, but still there is some controversy concerning the real effect of the social media on political engagement and collective action. Social media is a major source of political knowledge, it indirectly affects the political interests of people and has the potential to increase it, and today frequently they get political information from social media rather than traditional media. 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Their lives are bettered partially through the individual participation of the citizens as through citizens sharing in the administration of justice and the holding of public office. Political involvement is a privilege of citizens, who are free from the necessary tasks of lives like manual laborers. Politics is dependent on good citizenry, which is achieved by upholdin g a constitution that the collective has approved. Conversely

Sports And Physical Activity Play - 1699 Words

living â€Å"rough† without secure housing, as well as through their exposure to, and involvement in, crime, drugs, alcohol, and sexual abuse. The program helps get homeless youth off the street and into a more productive lifestyle. The Adelaide (Located in Australia)-based service for homeless youth aims to offer support and develop trust through sport and physical activity. Taking the necessary measures to reduce the rate of crime committed, which is a phenomenon that has been ongoing since the beginning of mankind, considers all communities with a lot of teens as the primary targets. Sport and physical activity play a significant role in contemporary society. Participants may experience rewards from strenuous activity, but there can be†¦show more content†¦However, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations, there is still lack of support from the public when it comes to supporting high school sports and activities programs. This is due to the belief that these activities only undermine the educational missions of schools and are a waste of money. However, extra-curricular or co-curricular activities are an extension of school educational programs, meaning they benefit students and curriculum. It has also been shown that schools that have better athletic programs have overall higher test scores, lower dropout rates , and higher graduation rates. This in turn, leads to success later in life. Whether it is having a higher grade point average, test scores, or merely having better attendance, it has been shown that participation in sports and interscholastic activities improves academic performance and achievement. When playing sports or doing other athletic activities, neuro-electrical activity increases in the brain. Since neuro-electrical activity is associated with processing languages and memory, as well as learning and forming ideas, teens are able to enhance their performance in academics. Through a research study conducted in 1991 by Skip Dane of Hardiness Research in Wyoming, it was founded that sport participants are more likely to take advanced placement classes and be involved in other academic

Leper’s Poetry Free Essays

Leper describes the action sequence of the two boys running towards the tree. He describes the way they were positioned, the way they were moving and interacting. Given that he could not see anything because of the sun in his eyes he describes the situation through the shapes he could see of their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Leper’s Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now He narrates his testimony in a more exaggerated way. Lepers uses lots of elements to describe how the situation took place.† The sun was blazing all around them.† In this sentence leper is using a strong visual image. This sentence is trying to show how the atmosphere was at that exact moment. The sun blazing creates a warm environment and makes the story more peaceful. ‘I’ll never forget that’ he says. By saying this he is trying to convince the audience that the events were stuck in his memory and that he was telling the truth. â€Å"The two of them looked as black as—as black as death standing up there with this fire burning all around them.† By using this simile to describe how the image of the silhouettes of two boys appeared in contrast of the sun, he is trying to convey a sense of mystery and suspense in his story. He compares the blackness of their bodies to the sense of death, implying the way in which the events were about to unravel. The detail used in this comparison, or figure of speech, intends to show the phycosis in his narration. He then starts to repeat himself, by using the exact same simili which shows how he had nothing else to say, no more detail to add to his story, as he was not sure what had happened. Leper’s testimony narrated in a poetic way, instead of a straightforward event narration, goes to show that he himself, Leper, is not really sure of the events so he tries to embellish his retelling of the story. The use of visual and auditory imagery along with similes and comparisons help Leper portray a narration that seems real and true, in a confident way, but that does not assure any real detail or fact, showing how the narration is made up of delusions product of his psychosis. How to cite Leper’s Poetry, Papers

Managing Diversity Globally Inclusive Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Managing Diversity for Globally Inclusive Workplace. Answer: Introduction Diversity at the workplace is described to be the range of dissimilarities seen in the employees of any organization. However, that is not the only way in which it can be described, and it is not so simple. The range of differences includesethnic group, sex, cultural group, maturity, qualities, cognitive approach, term, executive function, qualifications, background and more.Diversity simply does not take account of peoples insight about themselves; it also counts their opinions about other people. These kind of different observationsmanipulate the interactions that happen between people (Patrick and Kumar 2012).Managers and supervisors with an aim to manage a workplace effectivelylook to identify and classify the varied approaches in which the workplace is evolving every day and altering. This research paper aims to evaluate the accessible literature on workplace diversity, attempting to investigate its different components. Workforce Diversity and Arguments Bedi, Lakra and Gupta (2014) describes workplace diversity as being the concern of people that focuses on the variations and likenesses of people and what those bring to the organization. Thriving organizations identify the requirement for instantaneous response and are always geared up and eager to invest their organizational resources on the management of diversity in the work place. Abreu (2014) believes building a diverse staff force is important for any business as it reflects the culture of the company to the outside world and helps the team in developing fresh and innovative ideas for better competitiveness in the marketplace. Galer (2014) has put forward a relatively new definition of workforce diversity. She says workforce diversity is no longer simply staying away from race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation segregation, or even consistence with legislative directions. Diversity now incorporates values, which means what persuades somebody to join an organization, encapsulat e authoritative interests, and be gainful for quite a while. Diversity is basic for association's competence to progress and regulate in a quick evolving environment. Probably the most fruitful business visionaries and most appreciated leaderswould tell the same thing. Diversity is primary to development and success of any organization: diversity of standpoints, encounters, societies, sexual orientations, and age. Anzovino (2014) says diversity competencies are the specially adapted activities thatare actively practiced to help in promoting impartiality and inclusion.Mastering of these competencies assist in gaining the skillsrequired to become diversity-competent.Berdahl (2014) argued and proved that gender equity, along with economic equality has the capability to lift situations and the organization as a whole and in turn nurture humanitarian values. Workforce diversity is considered as one of the principle challenges for human resource administration in present day associations. In spite of its key significance, the larger part of models in this field verifiably consider workforce as a nonspecific and homogeneous class, and don't consider social contrasts among employees. Benefits of a Diverse Workplace A diverse work environment constructs work hones that make amicability. In the event that an organization can perceive the contrasts between its representatives, it will have the capacity to figure work hones that would not bar a specific culture (Foma 2014). Diversity in working environments is not just about sufficiently reflecting diversity in the more extensive populace. There are clear advantages for associations in keeping up a diverse workforce. Diverse gatherings take part in inventive clashes, which prompts to better basic leadership, brings new thoughts into discourses and builds innovativeness and development. Diverse gatherings create hard-to-impersonate assets prompting to upper hand (Zimmerman 2014).Diversity upgrades innovativeness. It empowers the look for novel data and perspectives, prompting to enhance basic leadership and decisive thinking. Diversity can boost all that really matters of organizations and prompt to liberated disclosures and achievement advancements (Philips 2014). Grosser, McCarthy and Kilgour (2016) unequivocally expresses that gender uniformity is one of the noticeable variables for a mindful business motivation and cannot be simply looked at out. Markets and plans of action are evolving. Taking advantage of a diverse workforce is a keen business approach. A diverse working environment can prompt to new thoughts, styles, aptitudes and stronger groups. Adaptability can expand worker life span and fulfillment. Making little changes can prompt to expanded profitability(afdo.org.au 2017). Diverse Workplace Challenges All individuals are distinct and have multifaceted practices that call for more tolerable administration strategies (Jones and George 2014). On the off chance that all around overseen and composed, a diverse work environment could be a decent drive and present a business profitable organization, imagination, more widespread plausibility for staffing and lengthened competence. Making individuals of diverse societies cooperate is to a great degree troublesome as it can bring about portion and crash of societies. Then again, Lundrigan et al. (2012) express that all around moderated contrasts can really reinforce group union.Negative states of mind are a standout amongst the most widely recognized hindrances of work environment diversity. This incorporates stereotyping and bias. Representatives who generalization appoint marks to specific races and ethnic gatherings, which is additionally a type of preference. Separation can likewise come about when an individual gets distinctive treatme nt because of their attributes. Collaborators ought to figure out how to function close by each other and esteem the commitments of the other individual. Collaborators that get along make a glad, more profitable workplace (Prause and Mujtaba 2015). Organizations can offer preparing and training to make a strong situation. Financial hardships can prompt to organization cutbacks and lost workers. It can be troublesome for businesses to keep up quality laborers when they can't stand to enlist. This circumstance can leave veteran representatives asking why there is a push towards diversity when the organization can't bear to keep up current workers. Absence of resolve and assets can be sufficient to keep diverse laborers from working for the organization (Ying Liao et al., 2016). Approaches to Managing Diversity in the Workplace Working environments in the corporate world are progressively turning out to be more diverse than they were previously. As a rule, a hierarchical way to deal with overseeing diversity incorporates tolerating contrasts among representatives and mixing them into the authoritative culture. Compelling administrators know that overseeing representatives with diverse foundations requires an alternate approach than it accomplishes for dealing with a gathering of workers with comparative foundations. Associations ought to guarantee that all HR strategies (procuring, advancement, pay climbs, etc.) depend on execution and don't victimize workers of any foundation. Supervisors observing workers ought to know the 'separation laws' and the outcomes of breaking them (Kirton and Greene 2015). Associations ought to give diversity preparing. This will help representatives see how to manage the difficulties of managing diversity in the work environment. Supervisors ought to make a situation that makes representatives feel like a part of the greater group. To fabricate trust among workers, administrators ought to execute group building works out. Overseeing diversity in the working environment can pay rich profits for an association, on the grounds that the qualities of diverse representatives can be effectively utilized for authoritative development (Barak 2013). Conclusion Regarding particular contrasts would assist the working environment to appreciate a competitive edge and upgrade inspiration of representatives. Diversity administration profits are related by building up an evenhanded and secure environment where everyone has admission to situations. Administration apparatuses in a diverse labor force are supposed to be exploited to educate everyone about diversity and its problems, counting laws and commands. Most working surroundings are encompassed of diverse societies, so businesses need to identify how to regulate to be effectual. How associations oversee diversity from now onwards would settle on the long haul accomplishment or disappointment in the worldwide commercial center. Diversity ought to be comprehended as the shifted points of view and ways to deal with work that individuals from various personality bunches bring. References Abreu, K., 2014. The Myriad Benefits of Diversity in the Workplace. [online] Entrepreneur. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/240550 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. afdo.org.au, 2017. What are the benefits of a diverse workforce?. [online] www.afdo.org.au. Available at: https://www.afdo.org.au/media/1238/factsheet-1-what-are-the-benefits-of-a-diverse-workforce.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Anzovino, T., 2014.Walk a Mile: Experiencing and Understanding Diversitye in Canada(Vol. 1). Nelson Education. Barak, M.E.M., 2013.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bedi, P., Lakra, P. and Gupta, E., 2014. Workforce Diversity Management: Biggest Challenge Or Opportunity For 21st Century Organizations. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), pp.102-107. Berdahl, J., 2014. A Mandate to Promote Diverse Leadership: Professor Jennifer Berdahl | Sauder School of Business at UBC, Vancouver, Canada. [online] Sauder.ubc.ca. Available at: https://www.sauder.ubc.ca/News/2014/A_mandate_to_promote_diverse_leadership_Professor_Jennifer_Berdahl [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Foma, E., 2014. Impact of workplace diversity.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,3(1), p.382. Galer, S., 2017. SAPVoice: New Study Redefines Workplace Diversity. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/01/24/new-study-redefines-workplace-diversity-it-no-longer-means-what-you-think/#1b490e2628cb [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Grosser, K., McCarthy, L. and Kilgour, M.A. eds., 2016.Gender Equality and Responsible Business: Expanding CSR Horizons. Greenleaf Publishing. Jones G. R., George J. M. 2014. Contemporary Management, 8th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Kirton, G. and Greene, A.M., 2015.The dynamics of managing diversity: A critical approach. Routledge. Lundrigan, M., Tangsuvanich, V., Yu, L. and Wu, S., 2012. Coaching a diverse workforce: The impact of changing demographics for modern leaders.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2(3), p.40. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing Workplace Diversity.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Phillips, K.W., 2014. How diversity works.Scientific American,311(4), pp.42-47. Prause, D. and Mujtaba, B.G., 2015. Conflict management practices for diverse workplaces.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,6(3), p.13. Ying Liao, Y., Soltani, E., Wang, W.Y. and Iqbal, A., 2016. The dynamics of workplace relationships in a diverse internationally staffed organisation: a qualitative ethnographic assessment.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-30. Zimmerman, E., 2014. How One Technology Company Managed to Hire a More Diverse Work Force. [online] Youre the Boss Blog. Available at: https://boss.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/19/how-one-technology-company-managed-to-hire-a-more-diverse-workforce/?smid=li-share_r=1 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017].

speech in CAT graduation free essay sample

CAT Graduation Speech Commandant Antonio Veron Cruz , To our Principal Dr. Wilma U.Galicia,and to our very special guest Mario Galicia. My Fellow Officers, Midshipman and Midship woman, Parents, Alumni, and Friends, a very warm and pleasant afternoon to all of you. This day is very special for me. I feel deeply honored for having been given this opportunity to speak before my fellow graduates this afternoon. I know some of you want to be a corp commander like me. Honestly, back when I was second year , I told myself that someday I will became the corp commander also.so that I joined the camping and even my first rapel I was scared because of its height I finished it with a very long time time because I am afraid to go down but to the other midshipman or midshipwoman it seems very easy for them.And when I became third year a thought came to my mind that being a Corp Commander is a very boring task. We will write a custom essay sample on speech in CAT graduation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So that I focused my self in performing the rifle, I told myself that if there is a reward in best in rifle execution I want to get it. Even though I am a sophomer I did my best as a member of colors. The hardest thing for me that time is having the rifle at my left though I am a left handed. I am very proud to be on top among the other student on the execution of rifle. Winning,I got the award I was thinking having of. The day of CAT Graduation came. Sir veron is watching my fellow men when he announced that the next Corp Commander will be Ruvil Mula. I did not expect that I will be the next Corp Commander because I am not doing the the drills properly except the rifle execution. However I told myself that I will accept this challenge whole heartedly. I want to say that if ever you did not want that position or task, You want it or not, do the job properly and do it what the best you can. I know some of you were getting mad when the officers give you punishment and when you are executing properly and you were given punishment because of your fellowmen’s fault. Like you’re always saying† Bat ako nadamay ako eh, siya lang naman yong nag iingay† that’s the funny part of it, but the one reason that officer doing it is because we are making yo u the best leader. And that’s what the Leadership Trainig is all about. Before I leave the portals to the corps, on behalf of the midshipman and women class2012-2013 I would like to extend my deepest and most precious gratitude and appreciation to our most especially commandant, sir veron. To me , they are not just instructors that I would call†sir†. To me in all my  trials hardship, in my entire honor prestige, all my failures success,they have been always there at my side, always at our side. To me they were â€Å"brothers† I have never had. And its hard to me sir, hard for all of us, that again- another batch of people will be leaving. After we have all crossed the street, I will never forget the way you’ve held us, taught us ,instructed us and molded us into a better person. We salute and will love you. Before we go out there people, this is the last day I would speak to you as your Corps Commander. And maybe this is the right time for my last words. Though I may not the best motivator nor I may not the best teacher to each one of you,my only desire is to feed your minds with words and experience. You only pass this line once: I hope you try to look back. Sooner someday, youll remember this face in front of you , remember the words I utter into your ears, remember the wonders that happened even for single moment that you would not regret for the rest of your life. Before I leave, never forget this, that there are three things in our world that last: Faith, Hope, and Love. In everything that you do, you may have this: (points to head to signify brains), this: (holds fist to signify power), but most of all people, never forget this! (puts fist on the chest to signify heart) Again I would like to congratulate each and every one of you, the Basic, Model, Shore Patrol and especially the officers, for a job well done. And again I want to present to all of you, the Corps of Midshipman and Midshipwoman of Sto. Nino De Praga Academy batch 2012-2013 Goodbye to all of you and thank you very much.

Are You Distracted by Technology essayEssay Writing Service

Are You Distracted by Technology essayEssay Writing Service Are You Distracted by Technology? essay Are You Distracted by Technology? essayNowadays technology entered all spheres of human life and contributed to significant changes in these spheres. Communications were dramatically reshaped by technology: the availability of social networks, video games and various smartphone and computer applications allows to stay connected 24/7 and to construct own virtual world in the most convenient way. Despite numerous advantages, active use of technology also has some notable disadvantages such as excess flow of information and frequent distractions damaging the ability to concentrate. Multitasking which is so common for all technology-related activities also alters the ability to focus on particular tasks and reinforces patterns of brain activity which are different from less technology-involved generations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the distracting impact of technology and long-term consequences of this impact.The role of technology in educational sphere and in information p rocessing is invaluable; for example, technology changed the way of conducting research for students, made research findings more accessible and comprehensive for students and eased access to information in general. At the same time, mental habits of multitasking and staying online in social networks and messengers have a negative impact on the ability of students to process information, to concentrate on particular sources and to establish analytical connections between different sources of information. According to Prakash (2012), 87% of teachers note that students of the wired generation have shorter attention spans and 64% of teachers admit that technology is rather distracting students than helping their academic success.The way how information is presented and shared nowadays encourages people to focus on key concepts and sentences and skim the meaning of the messages. These skills are needed in order to navigate through multiple sources of information and multiple messages re ceived from these sources. Communications in social networks and messengers are also brief and are restrained either to sharing some information (links, photos, videos, etc.) or to exchanging short messages. Twitter actually embodies the essence of current communications 140 symbols might be enough for average information exchange activities. Furthermore, the availability of internet connection almost anywhere allows to stay online and receive updates at any time.The specifics of technology described above leads to shortening of attention spans; frequent checks of updates in various networks create distractions, and the need to stay updated and to know all the latest news hinders long-term concentration and affects the quality of activities which require thoughtful approach. Furthermore, kids who grow up in the conditions of information overload have difficulties in mastering time management and attention management. While for older adults who already have mastered time management it is easier to avoid distractions when needed, kids might not be able to develop the right skills and traits due to challenging environment.According to Rosen (2012), observation of the ability to concentrate of students of various age (middle school, high school and university) revealed alarming trends. The students had to study something important for 15 minutes, and their behaviors and distractions were observed during that time. The average time span that students spent on the task without distracting was 3 minutes (Rosen n.d.). This result was similar for all age categories of students. The major sources of distraction were technology sources such as laptops and smartphones (Rosen n.d.). These results show that the impact of technology is similar on all age categories. Furthermore, the researchers explored the relationship between academic performance and distractions, and it turned out that students who consumed more information and media every day and were prone to multitask ing had worse results. Students who were able to work longer on a specific task and developed focused study strategies showed better results (Rosen n.d.).Another study focused on the types of distractions which have the most impact on young people. It appeared that the choice of favorite distraction depended on psychosocial characteristics of an individual (Richtel n.d.). The students with a need for socializing tended to engage in texting, communicating in social networks and sending instant messages; the students who wanted to escape from the society chose video games and those students who had a tendency to procrastinate surfed various websites, watched videos and sometimes shared links with others (Richtel n.d.). Therefore, technology allows to choose the types of distractions that are most appropriate for an individual. In any case, the results of the research show that technology is a universal distraction and that active use of technology for entertainment can affect academic or working performance.Evidence shows that technology is a powerful distraction for most people. Active use of telecommunications leads to multitasking, reduces performance and attentiveness, affects attention spans and the ability to concentrate. While working with multiple sources of information might develop flexibility and short-term involvement, it is necessary to avoid excess multitasking and being distracted by technology since it can reduce the efficiency of in-depth thinking activities. In this context, it is important to remain focused in the modern world and to train the ability to concentrate on important things instead of switching between various distractions.

A study was conducted and an introduction (lit review) section needs Research Paper

A study was conducted and an introduction (lit review) section needs to be done - Research Paper Example f-concept also gives people an opportunity to compare their personal attributes, abilities, and reactions to those of others (Harter & Bukowski, 2012). On the other hand, self-esteem refers to the respect that a person has for himself or herself. Self-esteem is an extremely vital concept since it affects functional behavior, motivation, as well as life satisfaction (Bordens & Horowitz, 2002). Individuals who have high self-concept about themselves normally have positive thoughts. In this regard, they have high self-esteem of themselves. Having high self-esteem is a critical component in one’s life since it gives one confidence about his or her self-worth. In this regard, an individual can compare himself to be attractive. Being attractive entails several components, and personal hygiene is one of the components (Harter & Bukowski, 2012). Therefore, one must assess his or her personal hygiene in the wake of evaluating

Letter for imigration about the reinstatement Essay

Letter for imigration about the reinstatement - Essay Example (Here I will have to insert a valid reason as to why you failed in your subjects which you did not mention) But I promise to make up for it. I only have two quarters to finish before I could graduate. That is why I am hoping that my three years of studying would not go to waste. I came here for the sole purpose of attaining good quality education and I have high hopes not just for myself but for my country as well. I am also considering to be of service to your country in many ways I can. Add to that, your standard of teaching has been known around the world and I cannot just let go of this great opportunity. Besides, I am financially capable of supporting my schooling. I never had a bad record or a history of deportation. For the past ___ years, I have been a law abiding citizen, never tarnishing the reputation of your country nor that of Indonesia. I was never involved in crimes, fraud or any other violations of the US Citizenship and Immigration Services regulations. The documents attached herewith would prove that. For one, my immigration documents are valid and accurate. Rest assured I will continue to follow rules and maintain my status as an international student if I be given a chance to study in your country again.

The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay

The Strong Nuclear Force | Essay Youssef El Laithy One of the most extraordinary simplifications in physics is the fact that only four distinct forces are responsible for all the known spectacles that go on in the universe. These four basic forces are the electromagnetic force, the gravitational force, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force. Since the weak and the strong force act over an extremely short range, (less than the size of a nucleus), we do not experience them directly. Even though we don’t directly experience these forces they are vital to our existence. These forces determine whether the nuclei of certain elements will be stable or will deteriorate, and they are the basis of the energy release in many nuclear reactions. The forces determine not only the stability of the nuclei, but also the abundance of elements in nature. The properties of the nucleus of an atom are determined by the number of electrons the atom has. The number of electrons in an atom, therefore, determines the chemistry of the atom. The gravitational force is responsible for holding together the universe at large, the atmosphere, water, and us; humans, to the planet. The electromagnetic force governs the atomic level phenomena, binding electrons their atoms, and atoms to other atoms in order to form molecules and compounds. The weak nuclear force is responsible for certain types of nuclear reactions. The fourth and last force, the strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the nucleus together. The Strong Force is also one of the four fundamental forces of nature, experienced by particles called quarks and sub particles made up of quarks. It is theforce that causes the interaction responsible for binding and holding protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus of a given element. The strong force is the strongest of among all the other forces forces, being approximately 100 times as strong as the electromagneticforce. It has the extremely short range to which it has an effect. A range of approximately 10^-15 m, less than the size of the atomic nucleus. The strong force is carried by particles called gluons; that is, when particles interact through the strong force, they do so by exchanging gluons. The protons in a nucleus must experience a repulsive force from the other protons in the nucleus.This is where the strong nuclear force comes into play. The strong nuclear force is created between the nucleons (protons and neutrons) by the exchange of particles called mes ons. This exchange can be compared to constantly hitting a tennis ball or a footballback and forth between two people. As long as these particles (mesons) are in motion back and forth, the strong force is able to hold the participating nucleons together. Thenucleons, however; mustbe extremely close to each other in order for this exchange of mesons to occur. The distance requiredfor the force to take place and have an effectis roughly about the diameter of a proton or a neutron. Thus, if a proton or neutron can get closer than this distance to proton on neutron, the exchange of mesons occurs normally and the force has an effect. However,if they cant get that close, the strong force is too weak to make them bind together and thus the force won’t have an effect and the nucleus would rapture. The range of the Strong Force varies from where it takes place. The strong interaction is apparent in two areas: On a large scale (about 1 to 3 femtometers ), it is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom . On a smaller scale (less than about 0.8 femtometers, the radius of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons ) that holdsquarkstogether to form protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The discovery of the Strong of the nuclear force was a remarkable discovery and cleared up lots of mysteries that haunted many physicists in this era. The discovery force wasn’t all at once; meaning that the discovery was based on the work of more than once scientist and physicist all over the years. The first discovery was by James Chadwick. In 1932, British physicist James discovered that the nucleus of atoms contain neutrons. Soon after this discovery, the American-Hungarian physicist, Eugene Wigner suggested that the electromagnetic force wasn’t the force responsible forholding the nucleus together and he also suggested that there are two different nuclear forces not just one.Later on,In 1935 Japanese Yukawa Hideki reasoned that since the strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force had never been noticedor observed by the bare eye or even by microscopesthey must act over a range smaller than the diameter of the atomic nucleus.Yukawa developed the first field theory ofthe strong force with a new particle he called mesons as the force carryingsimulated particle. From these facts and hypothesizes, Hideki Yukawa concluded that there exists a force that binds nucleons (protons and neutrons) together. He named the force the â€Å"strong nuclear force† because it had to be stronger than the electromagnetic force that would otherwise push the nucleons apart. In everyday life and our day to day life, were only aware of two fundamental forces: gravity and electromagnetism. Physicists know about two more forces, which are carried out within the atom itself (inside atoms): the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.Try and imaginetwo protons (positive charge), they are pulled together by the strong nuclear force (as long as they are within range to start with). But the electromagnetic force pushes them away from each other, because they both have the same positive electric charge. When we talk about the uses if the strong nuclear force we can’t really find a direct use in which humans use the force. The only direct use is that the binding energyrelated to the strong nuclear force is used innuclear powerandnuclear weapons. The strong nuclear force is crucial to our everyday survival, God created this force exactly to suit our survival. Following this notion two questions are raised: What would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit weaker? If the strong force were even slightly weaker than what it is, it would not be able to hold the atomic nuclei together against the repulsion of the electromagnetic force. According to Barrow and Tipler: `Ifthe Strong Force was decreased by 50% its normal power thiswould adversely affect the stability of all the elements essential to living organisms and biological systems. A bit more of a decrease, and there wouldntbe any stable elements except hydrogen. What would happen if the strong nuclear force were a bit stronger that what it is? According to Borrow and Tipler: â€Å"If the strong nuclear force was just a bit stronger compared to the electromagnetic force, two protons could stick togetherdisregardof their electromagnetic repulsion (forming a diproton).If this happened, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned to helium. If there were no Hydrogen in the universethere would be no water, for a start, and there would be no long-lived stars like the sun. (Stars made from helium burn up much more quickly than stars made from hydrogen).† In conclusion, The Strong Nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces found in nature. The strong nuclear force is responsible for holding the neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus. The interactions are experienced only by particles called quarks and by elementary particles made from quarks (mesons, gluons). The discovery of the strong nuclear force was possible by the collective work of many physicists over many years. The strong force isn’t of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. If the strong nuclear force was slightly even weaker than it is, all the chemical elements needed for life would not be stable, and we, humans, would not seize to exist. The strong force isnt of that much of direct use for humans. However, the force is crucial to our everyday life. Ifthe strong nuclear force was weaker than it is, the chemical elements needed for life wouldn’t be stable, and we would not be here. On the other han d, if it were even slightly stronger than it is, all the hydrogen in the universe would have been burned in the big bang. As a result, there would be no prolonged stars like the sun, and no molecules like water. There would probably be no complex chemistry in the universe, and we would not seize to exist. Citations Fundamental Forces.Fundamental Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.   http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html> . The Nucleus.The Nucleus. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/physics/nucleus.html> . The Four Fundamental Forces.ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. http://library.thinkquest.org/27930/forces.htm> . The Strong Nuclear Force.The Strong Nuclear Force. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. http://aether.lbl.gov/elements/stellar/strong/strong.html> . The Strong Nuclear Force.The Star Garden. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/Strong.html> . Nuclear Forces.Nuclear Forces. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. http://www.alternativephysics.org/book/NuclearForces.htm> . National Power Or Military Power? National Power Or Military Power? The international system today is an interplay of national power of different nations. This can be felt in the emerging world order. There has been a perceptible change, particularly during the last two decades, in the manner the nation states conduct international relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly aware of the power or influence that they wield vis-à  -vis other nations.  [1]   They are also looking at the ways and means to use this national power to secure their vital interests. In the later part of last century, National Power was only considered to be military power as can be understood by the superpower status of Soviet Union. But the disintegration of the Soviet empire and changing face of world relations due to economic globalization changed the world perception and brought the term Comprehensive National Power. This term was more inclusive of the overall state of the affairs of a nation and a measure of its constituents could indicate the strength and weaknesses.  [2]   National Power has tangible and intangible elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial capacity, population, military power form the tangible parts while national character and morale complete the intangibles. Indias economy has contributed in the last two decades towards a major share of the National power. In fact, India has even demonstrated certain soft power by cooption and attraction of other nations to achieve some of its aims. The primary currencies of soft power are an actors values, culture, policies and institutions. Indias soft power is based on its social and cultural values, the Indian Diaspora abroad and its knowledge base. India is being considered a knowledge superpower and is well placed to leverage its position in international relations. However, the military has also contributed towards the soft power. A well-run military has been a source of attraction, and military-to-military cooperation and training programmes, for example, have established transnation al networks that enhance countrys soft power. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem The growth notwithstanding, India cannot afford to be satisfied with its current status. The geopolitical situation in the region is unstable. Though Pakistan has fewer options left after it has been exposed as a hub of terror activities and a haven for wanted terrorists, still if cornered by the world pressure and the internal compulsions it will not think twice in a military option against India to divert the attention and bring in its all weather friend , China, into the picture. India can achieve its national aims only if the internal and external threats to its security is ensured. This situation can be understood with an analogy to game of soccer; a team may be having the best of strikers in their forward and midfielder players, who can score goals at will, but their efforts are inconsequential if the goalkeeper is not trained and equipped to save goals from adversary. Thus, in the changing geopolitical situation, it is pertinent to evaluate the share of constituents of National Power to ascertain the future dynamics of a nations aspirations and interests and the regional environment. India has already made tremendous progress in various fields to achieve soft power constituent to contribute towards National Power. Indian economy is showing positive growth and attracting strategic partnership with leading economies around the globe.India , now needs to develop the military constituent to further pursue its National aim. Hypothesis India needs to develop a potent Military capability by the year 2025 to be able to assert its National Power in keeping with the stated National objectives. Methods of Data Collection 9. The data for this dissertation has been collected from a large number of books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, internet and research journals that are available in the Defence Services Staff College library. The data related to Indian Military Power has been collected from open sources only so as to avoid any classified information to be brought out. The Bibliography is attached as Appendix. Organisation of the Dissertation Apart from a chapter on the introduction and methodology, the dissertation has been organized under the following chapters:- CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN NATIONAL POWER Section 1. National Power. Section 2. Indias National Power. Section 3. Constituents Of Indian National Power. CHAPTER 3. MILITARY POWER Section 1. Elements of Military Power. Section 2. Present State Of Indian Defence Forces. Section 3. Defence Budget And Modernisation Program. CHAPTER 4. SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAS MILITARY POWER Section 1. Analysis. Section 2. Intra Organisaton Level. Section 3. Shortcoming As A National Instrument. Section 4. Recommendations . CHAPTER 5. DESIRED NATIONAL POWER BY 2025 Section 1. Geopolitical situation and regional environment In 2025. Section 2. Indias Predicted Growth By 2025. Section 3. Desired National Power. Chapter 2- Examining the constituent of Indian National Power. The present Indian standing in the world order is based on the soft power developed and the economic growth achieved by India. India as rising economy, offers excellent investment opportunity to the world. The democratic form of governance also projects India as stable and secure investment site in the long run. However we need to examine the constituents and their present share towards National Power. Chapter 3- Military Power. It itself comprises the tangibles and the intangibles. It can be broadly categorized in force capability and force employment. There has been a change in war fighting. The technological advancement ,weapon lethality, destructiveness and precision along with the information frontier has increased the cost factor of going to war. Thus there is a need to analyse the military power constituents to understand the importance towards national Power. Chapter 4- Analysis and Short comings of Indian Military Power. To suggest steps towards projecting a stronger military power the present capability needs to be analysed and the shortcoming to be highlighted. Chapter 5- Desired National Power by 2025. The regional environment in the near future entails proactive approach by India to project comprehensive national power to have secured borders and assured growth to achieve its national aims . CHAPTER 2 CONSTITUENTS OF NATIONAL POWER National Power 1. The international system today.is an interplay of national power of different nations. There has been a perceptible change.in the manner the nation states conduct International relations. Military alliances have given way to multilateral groupings, understandings and strategic partnerships. Nations are becoming increasingly.aware of the power or influence that they weild.vis-à  -vis other nations. 2. During 1960 and 70s most theorists.doing research on international relations avoided dealing.with phenomenon of power. National power was considered synonymous.with military power. This would explain to a great extent the superpower status.of erstwhile Soviet Union and its unexpected disintegration. Since then perception of national power.has undergone a change. It is called as comprehensive National power by the theorists which is a more inclusive term comprising all the facets of a nations resources which contribute towards its security. Defining National Power 3. National power is the ability of a nation with the use of which.it can get its will obeyed by other nations. It involves the capacity to use force.or threat of use of force over other nations. With the use of national power, a nation is able to control.the behavior of other nations in accordance with its own will. In other words, it denotes the ability of a nation.to fulfill its national goals. It also tells us how much powerful or weak.a particular nation is in securing its national goals. Basic Elements Of National Power 4. The basic elements of national power include diplomacy, economics, informational, soft power and the age old trustworthy element of military power. It can also be classified as comprising of tangible elements and intangible elements. Geography, natural resources, industrial capacities, population, military power form the tangible elements of national power and national character and morale complete the intangibles. Indias National Power 5. In international politics, the image of India till recently used to be in terms.of its perennial rivalry with Pakistan and as power confined to South Asia only. However, as result of the remarkable improvement.in Indias national strength over the last decade, consisting of.its hard and soft powers, the world has started rehyphenating India.with a rapidly growing China. The term rising India is a buzzword in the International Relations discourse nowadays. Indias national power has begun to rise steadily.since Pokhran-II. India unleashed a slew of path-breaking initiatives.in quick succession in 1998 (and beyond). It was from this year onwards that the idea of India being a great power,.first floated by Nehru, started to be reflected in its foreign policy. Admittedly, India shifted its foreign and economic policies.soon after the end of the Cold War in 1991 when it started broadbasing.its diplomacy, initiated economic reforms by dismantling the economic model.based on import substit ution, and went for market friendly policies. The economic reforms did give India economic stability.in the sense that India started growing at 6% annually.ever since the economic liberalization of early 1990s, however, political stability remained fragile. The country got much-needed political stability.at the center in March 1998 and a series of radical initiatives in quick succession beginning with the nuclear tests in the Pokhran desert of Rajasthan on May 11th and 13th 1998, was a grand strategic masterstroke by independent India. India initiated Multi-aligned/Great power diplomacy.for the first time in its independent history when it developed strategic partnerships.with all the great powers simultaneously, especially its relations with the United States and Japan, while retaining time-tested ties with Russia. India made institutional arrangements to its national security.when it set up the National Security.Advisory Board, National Security.Council, Nuclear Command Authority, developed a.nuclear doctrine, and so on. 6. More importantly, India developed a much needed strategic vision.whereby it redefined its geo-strategic.construct well beyond the mainland of South Asia. The comprehensive geo-strategic.construct included the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific. In fact, the 1998 nuclear tests themselves were indicative of the fact that India had begun to appreciate the role of hard power in securing its national interests and also in making her influence heard in international politics. 7. The India, that China defeated.in 1962 was guided by a foreign policy canon of non-alignment.vis -à  -vis the superpower enmity, and it remained the cornerstone of Indias international.diplomacy for more than four decades. However, this foreign policy paradigm underwent.a U-turn when it metamorphosed into poly/multi-alignment under the new leadership.in New Delhi in 1998. The new foreign policy outlook.broadly had two components, namely, improving relations with the US and its Look East Policy-II. The turnaround in India-US relations from being estranged democracies during the Cold War to engaged democracies in the 2000s has played a central role in bringing out a shift in Chinas India posture over the last decade. India has been a democracy right since its birth as a modern nation-state in 1947. However, its sluggish economic growth and weak military profile that led to its defeat in 1962 seriously stained this aspect of Indias soft power. 8. With the rising India story, its democracy as an important component of its soft power has again come into the global limelight. India has more than 1 billion people. It is linguistically, culturally, racially, and religiously diverse, and it is growing economically at an enviable pace under democratic governmental institutions (except for the emergency period of 1975-77 when civil liberties were undermined). Its culture values peaceful coexistence, nonviolence, and religious tolerance. All of these factors, combined with the largest pool of English speakers outside the US, has increased Indias power of attraction without need for coercion or persuasion, a fact not lost on an envious, hard power-minded China. The country to which India has projected most of its soft power is the US, through the export of highly skilled manpower, consisting mainly of software developers, engineers, and doctors. 9. In military terms, post-1998 India has been enjoying strategic capital, in the sense that, unlike the rise of China, Indias military rise is not only not feared but it is felt to be desirable by the countries in the Asia-Pacific like Japan, Australia, South Korea, and ASEAN as a group. Most importantly even the US sees Indias military rise in its own interests.28 Interestingly, a rising India is making full use of this capital by emerging as a formidable military power over the last decade, apart from unveiling even more ambitious military plans for the future CHAPTER 3 MILITARY POWER Military Power 1. Military Power is military dimension of national power. National power embodies soft persuasive or attractive elements as well as its hard or military component. Military power can itself mean different things in different contexts; as military forces do different things ranging from defending national territory to invading other states; countering terrorists or insurgents, keeping the peace, enforcing economic sanctions, maintain domestic order. Proficiency in one task does not entail proficiency in all as good defenders of national territory can make poor peacekeepers and also may not be able to conquer neighbours. 2. Since beginning of civilization, military power has been the primary instruement nation states have used to control and dominate each other. With the growth of technology, the destructiveness of military power has reached apocalyptic proportions. 3. Throughout history, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have been reversed. Japan, China have relied on economic prosperity to finance formidable military forces. Conversely, erstwhile Soviet Union, Iraq and North Korea have relied on their military to build economic power with little or limited success. 4. Military power is the capacity to use force or threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power for a nation include number of military formations, armaments, organization, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale. Elements of Military Power 5. Elements of military power are worked out on the basis of military capability of nations. It includes numerical preponderance, technology and force employment. . Numerical preponderance has been exemplified in yesteryears; Napolean said , God is on the side of the big battalion 6. It is generally believed that states with larger population, more developed economies, larger military should prevail in battle. This is association of victory with material preponderance and beneath this lies the widespread perception that economic strength is precondition for military strength; that economic decline leads to military weakness and that economic policies merit co equal treatment with political and military considerations in national strategy making. Military preparedness requires a military (establishment) capable of supporting the foreign policy of a nation. Contributory factors are technology,leadership, quality and size of the armed forces. (a) Technology. The development and adoption of firearms, tanks, guns and aircraft have had a profound effect on the course of battles. To illustrate, if one reads the review of British operations during the initial stages of the Second World War, which Churchill gave in the secret session of parliament on 23 April 1942,one is struck by the fact that all defeats on land, on sea and in air have one common denominator-the disregard of technological capabilities being developed by Germans and the Japanese during the pre-war years. The U-boats played havoc with the British shipping and adversely affected their ability to move forces from one theatre of war to another, as also to sustain them. Conversely, the development of radar technology by the British during the war years gave them enormous advantage over their enemies. In the present-day context, capabilities in cyber warfare, space assets and smart strike weapons will give a great edge to the powers that are able to develop and operationalise such technologies. (b) Leadership. The quality of military leadership has always exerted a decisive influence upon national power. We have the examples of the military genius of Fredrick the Great, Napoleon, the futility of Maginot Line psychology of the French General Staff versus the blitzkrieg adopted by the German General Staff, and closer home the effect of superior military leadership led by Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw in Indias 1971 War with Pakistan. (c) Quality and Size of the Armed Forces. The importance of this factor is obvious. However, the question that has to be answered by the political leadership of the country is, how large a military establishment can a nation afford in view of its resources and commitments or national interests? CHAPTER 4 SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIAN MILITARY POWER Much has been written and said about the potential for Indian military power to play a greater role on the world stage, and perhaps check Chinas expanding capabilities in the future.National Security has attained multi-faceted dimensions with wider challenges in diverse fields.There has been growing understandings of these challenges and consequently measures are being taken to overcome the same. Indias remarkable economic growth and newfound access to arms from abroad have raised the prospect of a major rearmament of the country. But without several policy and organizational changes, Indias efforts to modernize its armed forces will not alter the countrys ability to deal with critical security threats. Indias military modernization needs a transparent, legitimate and efficient procurement process. Further, a chief of defense staff could reconcile the competing priorities across the three military services. Finally, Indias defense research agencies need to be subjected to greater ove rsight. Indias rapid economic growth and newfound access to military technology, especially by way of its rapprochement with the United States, have raised hopes of a military revival in the country. Against this optimism about the rise of Indian military power stands the reality that India has not been able to alter its military-strategic position despite being one of the worlds largest importers of advanced conventional weapons for three decades. Civil-military relations in India have focused too heavily on one side of the problem how to ensure civilian control over the armed forces, while neglecting the other how to build and field an effective military force. This imbalance in civil-military relations has caused military modernization and reforms to suffer from a lack of political guidance, disunity of purpose and effort and material and intellectual corruption. The Effects of Strategic Restraint Sixty years after embarking on a rivalry with Pakistan, India has not been able to alter its strategic relationship with a country less than one-fifth its size. Indias many counterinsurgencies have lasted twenty years on an average, double the worldwide average. Since the 1998 nuclear tests, reports of a growing missile gap with Pakistan have called into question the quality of Indias nuclear deterrent. The high point of Indian military history the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971- therefore, stands in sharp contrast to the persistent inability of the country to raise effective military forces. No factor more accounts for the haphazard nature of Indian military modernization than the lack of political leadership on defense, stemming from the doctrine of strategic restraint. Key political leaders rejected the use of force as an instrument of politics in favor of a policy of strategic restraint that minimized the importance of the military. The Government of India held to its strong anti-militarism despite the reality of conflict and war that followed independence. Much has been made of the downgrading of the service chiefs in the protocol rank, but of greater consequence was the elevation of military science and research as essential to the long-term defense of India over the armed forces themselves. Nehru invited British physicist P.M.S. Blackett to examine the relationship between science and defense. Blackett came back with a report that called for capping Indian defense spending at 2 percent of GDP and limited military modernization. He also recommended state funding and ownership of military research laboratories and established his protà ©gà ©, Daulat Singh Kothari, as the head of the labs. Indian defense spending decreased during the 1950s. Of the three services, the Indian Navy received greater attention with negotiations for the acquisition of Indias first aircraft carrier. The Indian Air Force acquired World War II surplus Canberra transport. The Indian Army, the biggest service by a wide margin, went to Congo on a UN peacekeeping mission, but was neglected overall. India had its first defense procurement scandal when buying old jeeps and experienced its first civil-military crisis when an army chief threatened to resign protesting political interference in military matters. The decade culminated in the governments forward policy against China, which Nehru foisted on an unprepared army, and led to the war of 1962 with China that ended in a humiliating Indian defeat. The foremost lesson of 1962 was that India could not afford further military retrenchment. The Indian government launched a significant military expansion program that doubled the size of the army and raised a fighting air force. With the focus shifting North, the Indian Navy received less attention. A less recognized lesson of the war was that political interference in military matters ought to be limited. The military and especially the army asked for and received operational and institutional autonomy, a fact most visible in the wars of 1965 and 1971. The problem, however, was that the political leadership did not suddenly become more comfortable with the military as an institution; they remained wary of the possibility of a coup detat and militarism more generally. The Indian civil-military relations landscape has changed marginally since. In the eighties, there was a degree of political-military confluence in the Rajiv Gandhi government: Rajiv appointed a military buff, Arun Singh, as the minister of state for defense. At the same time, Krishnaswami Sundarji, an exceptional officer, became the army chief. Together they launched an ambitious program of military modernization in response to Pakistani rearmament and nuclearization. Pakistans nuclearization allowed that country to escalate the subconventional conflict in Kashmir while stemming Indian ability to escalate to a general war, where it had superiority. India is yet to emerge from this stability-instability paradox. The puzzle of Brasstacks stands in a line of similar decisions. In 1971, India did not push the advantage of its victory in the eastern theatre to the West. Instead, New Delhi, underuberrealist Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, signed on to an equivocal agreement at Simla that committed both sides to peaceful resolution of future disputes without any enforcement measures. Indias decision to wait 24 years between its first nuclear test in 1974 and the second set of tests in 1998 is equally puzzling. Why did it not follow through after the 1974 test, and why did it test in 1998? Underlying these puzzles is a remarkable preference for strategic restraint. Indian leaders simply have not seen the use of force as a useful instrument of politics. This foundation of ambivalence informs Indian defense policy, and consequently its military modernization and reform efforts. To be sure, military restraint in a region as volatile as South Asia is wise and has helped persuade the great powers to accommodate Indias rise, but it does not help military planning. Together with the separation of the armed forces from the government, divisions among the services and between the services and other related agencies, and the inability of the military to seek formal support for policies it deems important, Indias strategic restraint has served to deny political guidance to the efforts of the armed forces to modernize. As wise as strategic restraint may be, Pakistan, Indias primary rival, hardly believes it to be true. Islamabad prepares as if India were an aggressive power and this has a real impact on Indias security. Domestic And Regional Constraints India faces several daunting domestic and border challenges within its own neighborhood that may prevent it from thinking more globally including the unresolved issue of Kashmir, an increasingly grave Maoist threat, Islamic terrorism from Pakistan, and unresolved border issues with China which broke out in war in 1962. Beijings effort to beef up its presence in South Asia is also seen as challenging Indian dominance there. The Lack of Strategy Indias military modernization remains, and likely will continue to be, an a-strategic pursuit of new technology with little vision. There is a whole host of problems that the nation faces, including: Little political guidance from the civilian leadership to the military. This is true even on the general issue of what Indias major goals should be. Even the Indian navy, which is often assumed to be the most forward thinking institution within Indias military, does not see itself as more than a naval blockade vis-à  -vis Pakistan. Lack of organizational and institutional reforms. The need to reprioritize resources is never addressed, what is addressed is the procurement of new material, thus making modernization merely an exercise in linear expansion. No legitimate and transparent procurement system. As a result, purchases are often ridden with scandals, corrupt, delayed and highly politicized. Indias Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is also a failed organization that is ideologically corrupt, but there has not been an honest attempt to put it under public scrutiny. Imbalance in Civil-Military Relations What suffices for a military modernization plan is a wish list of weapon systems amounting to as much as $100 billion from the three services and hollow announcements of coming breakthroughs from the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), the premier agency for military research in India. The process is illustrative. The armed forces propose to acquire certain weapon systems. The political leadership and the civilian bureaucracy, especially the Ministry of Finance, react to these requests, agreeing on some and rejecting others. A number of dysfunctions ensue. First, the services see things differently and their plans are essentially uncoordinated. Coming off the experience of the Kargil war and Operation Parakram, the Indian Army seems to have arrived at a Cold Start doctrine, seeking to find some fighting space between subconventional conflict and nuclear exchange in the standoff with Pakistan. The doctrine may not be official policy, but it informs the armys wish list, where attack helicopters, tanks and long-range artillery stand out as marquee items. The Indian Air Force (IAF), meanwhile, is the primary instrument of the countrys nuclear deterrent. The IAFs close second role is air superiority and air defense. Close air support, to which the IAF has belatedly agreed and which is essential to the armys Cold Start doctrine, is a distant fourth. The Indian Navy wants to secure the countrys sea-lanes of communications, protect its energy supplies and guard its trade routes. It wants further to be the vehicle of Indian naval diplomacy and sees a role in the anti-piracy efforts in the Malacca Straits and the Horn of Africa. What is less clear is how the Indian Navy might contribute in the event of a war with Pakistan. The navy would like simply to brush past the problem of Pakistan and reach for the grander projects. Accordingly, the Indian Navys biggest procurement order is a retrofitted aircraft carrier from Russia. Indias three services have dramatically different views of what their role in Indias security should be, and there is no political effort to ensure this coordination. Cold Start remains an iffy proposition. Indias nuclear deterrent remains tethered to a single delivery system: fighter aircraft. Meanwhile, the Indian Armys energies are dissipated with counterinsurgency duties, which might increase manifold if the army is told to fight the rising leftist insurgency, the Naxalites. And all this at a time when the primary security threat to the country has been terrorism. After the Mumbai attacks, the Indian government and the people of India are said to have resolved to tackle the problem headlong, but today the governments minister in charge of internal security, Palaniappan Chidambaram, is more under siege himself than seizing the hidden enemy. Second, despite repeated calls for and commissions into reforms in the higher defense structure, planning, intelligence, defense production and procurement, the Indian national security establishment remains fragmented and uncoordinated. The government and armed forces have succeeded in reforms primed by additions to the defense budget but failed to institute reforms that require changes in organization and priorities. The Kargil Review Committee, and the Group of Ministers report that followed, for example, recommended a slew of reforms. The changes most readily implemented were those that created new commands, agencies and task forces, essentially linear expansion backed by new budgetary allocations. The changes least likely to occur were those required changes in the hierarchy. The most common example of tough reform is the long-standing recommendation for a chief of defense staff. A military chief, as opposed to the service chiefs, could be a solution to the problem that causes the three services not to reconcile their pr Gas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films: Thickness and UV Gas Sensing Properties of Te Thin Films: Thickness and UV Thickness and UV irradiation effects on the gas sensing properties of Te thin films Abstract In this research, tellurium thin films were investigated for use as hydrogen sulfide gas sensors. To this end, a tellurium thin film has been deposited on Al2o3  substrates by thermal evaporation, and the influence of thickness on the sensitivity of the tellurium thin film for measuring H2S gas is studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and Raman Spectrometer were utilized for characterizing the prepared samples. XRD patterns indicate that as the thickness increases, the crystallization improves. Observing the images obtained by SEM,  it  is  seen  that the grain size increases as the thickness increases, and consequently, fewer defects will be seen in the surface of the film. Studying the effect of thickness on H2S gas measurement, it became obvious that as the thickness increases, the sensitivity decreases and the response and recovery time increases. Studying the thermal influence of the thin film while measuring H2S gas,  it become s obvious  that as the detection temperature of the thin film increases, sensitivity and the response and recovery times reduce. To improve the response and recovery time of the tellurium thin film for measuring H2S gas, the influence of UV radiation while measuring H2S gas was also investigated. The results indicate that the response and recovery times strongly decrease  using UV radiation. Introduction Tellurium is a P type semiconductor with narrow band gap and a gap energy of 0.35eV which makes it ideal for use in thin film transistors [1], gas sensors [2-4], optical information storage [5] and shields in passive radiative cooling [6]. Recently, it has been shown that the tellurium thin film is sensitive to some toxic gases like H2S [7]. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and corrosive gas which is formed in coal mines, oil and gas industries, chemical products plants, and the sewers. Exposure to small amounts of this gas (less 50 ppm) causes headache, poor memory, loss of appetite and irritability, while exposure to large amounts (most of 500 ppm) will cause death after 30-60 minutes [8]. So far, various semiconductor metal oxides have been  produced  for detecting H2S gas such as SnO2, WO3, and CeO2  [9-11]. The main problem of these sensors is that they  require high temperature for measuring H2S gas, and this high temperature will shorten the life of the sensor[12]. Measurin g gas through semiconductor metal oxide depends upon parameters like thickness of the thin film, deposition temperature, and the substrate  material. So far, few reports have been issued about the sensitivity of the tellurium thin film to some reducing and oxidizing gases such as NO2, CO, NH3, and H2S [4,7,13,14]. In this research, the influence of the thickness of the tellurium thin film on detecting H2S gas and also the influence of the film temperature and UV radiation while measuring H2S gas have been studied. Experiment details Tellurium thin films with thicknesses of 100, 200, and 300 nm measured by Quartz digital thickness gauge, were deposited on Al2O3  substrate by thermal evaporation of pure tellurium in a tungsten crucible. Substrates were cleaned for 30 minutes by alcohol and acetone in ultrasonic bath. The initial pressure of the vacuum chamber and the temperature of substrate while depositing were respectively 3Ãâ€"10-5  mbar and 373K. The growth rate of the film and the deposition area were respectively 5nm/s and 100mm2. Gold electrodes were deposited on the surface of film through thermal evaporation and copper wires were attached to them by silver paste. The microstructure of the films was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films surface was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sensor response to various concentration of H2S gas was studied in a container made of stainless steel with a volume of 250cm3  .The electrical resistance of the senso rs was measured by a multimeter as a function of time. Gas limit  detection was performed for the films with different thicknesses and at different environment temperatures. The sensors were also exposed to UV radiation while detecting H2S gas. The mechanism of gas detection was investigated by Raman spectroscopy technique. The spectra were recorded before and after exposure to the gas. Raman spectra of the films were recorded in back scattering geometry with a spectral resolution of 3 cm-1. The 785 nm line of Ar+  laser was used  for excitation. Results and Discussion XRD patterns of tellurium films with different thicknesses are shown in fig. 1. In this figure, the peaks  denoted  with star are related to Al2O3  substrate. At 100 nm,  Te thickness peak of low intensity is observed at 27.77 °Ã‚  which is related to Te (101) with hexagonal structure. At 200 nm, in addition to Te (101), another peak corresponding to Te (100) appears at 23.15 °. Finally, besides Te (100) and Te (101), a new peak is observed at 40.78 °which is related to Te (110) with hexagonal structure. From the XRD results, it can be inferred that, thickness increases  the  results in an increase of film crystallinity due to the increase of the number of planes that generate diffraction. Fig. 2 shows the SEM images of prepared Te films at different  thicknesses.  [S1]At 100 nm, the grains are separated from each other  by a  large distance, thereby forming discontinuous and rough surface. Increasing film thickness leads to an increase of surface homogeneit y and continuity, grain size increase  as well. Fig. 3 depicts the resistance variation of the tellurium thin films with different thicknesses at room temperature before exposure to H2S gas. It can be seen that the film resistance decrease with thickness increase due to reduction of irregularity in grain arrangement and inhomogeneity on  the  film surface,  which leads to a better charge carrier mobility. The sensitivity of the films to H2S is given by: S=   Where Ra  and Rg  are the electrical resistance of the film in the air and the H2S respectively. Fig. 4 shows the effect of Te film thickness on sensitivity to 8ppm of H2S at room temperature.  Note that the film sensitivity decreases  with  an increase in  thickness. To explain this behavior, it is worth mentioning that the proposed mechanism for H2S gas measurement is as follows: the oxygen in the air is adsorbed by the film surface, especially in the grain boundaries and film porosities. After adsorption, oxygen reacts with Te film surface and based on the film temperature, it can be ionized into O2, O2-, O  (in the temperatures less than 150CËÅ ¡ the ionization form is O2). These forms of oxygen ionization increase the film hole density which means  a reduction of Ra  in P type semiconductor such as Te. As H2S gas is added, it reacts with ionized oxygen  and the result will be  the  return of electrons inside the film and reduction of the hole numbers and increase of Rg  resistance. The reactions are shown below: O2(gas) O2(ads)(1) O2(ads)+ e O2(ads)(2) H2S(gas)+O2(ads) H2(gas)+SO2(gas)+ e(3) At 100 nm Te thickness, the presence of a high density of grain boundaries and defects results in a high H2S gas adsorption which causes noticeable variations in film electrical resistance,  indicating an increase of sensitivity. At higher thickness, where the grain boundary and defects densities decrease,  the changes in resistance are intangible involving a decrease in the sensitivity as shown in fig. 4. The other important characteristic of sensor is its selectivity. The sensitivity on exposure to 10 ppm of CO, NH3  and NO was found to be 3 %,40 % and -67 % (negative sign indicates reduction in resistance), respectively[]. Thus we see that the Te films have much larger sensitivity towards H2S gas in comparison to other gases. Fig. 5 shows the response kinetics of Te films at different thickness (100 nm and 200 nm) after exposure to 8ppm H2S. Considering the response and recovery times, the times for reaching 90% of steady-state values of Ra  and Rg  respectively  can b e defined. It can be clearly seen in fig. 5 that thickness increase leads to an increase of response and recovery times. The former and the latter are due to high adsorption rate of H2S and O2  gases, respectively, at 100 nm by the great numbers of grain boundaries and defects [15]. Fig. 6 shows Raman spectra of 100 nm Te sample before and after exposure to 8 ppm H2S gas at room temperature. In both spectra, peaks at 123, 143 and 267 cm-1  are related to tellurium. Two other peaks  observed in sample before inducing H2S gas  at 680 and 811 cm-1  are assigned to TeO2  [16].  Notice that the intensity of oxide phase is much less than that of Te phase indicating that a low fraction of Te film is oxidized,  which  is  due to Te atoms on the surface [17]. After exposure to H2S gas,  based on  the proposed  reaction mechanism  the TeO2  peaks have almost disappeared. In addition, no peak corresponding to H2S or compounds of sulfur or hydrogen is detected in f ilm after exposure to H2S gas. Fig. 7 shows the sensors sensitivity as a function of H2S gas concentration for 100, 200 and 300 nm samples at room temperature. The film to 100 nm Te thickness presents a linear response from  the  8 to 34 ppm range and the film sensitivity seems to saturate at higher concentration. As expected, from fig. 7  it can be seen  that the sensitivity decreases as the film thickness is increased. Figure 8 shows the results related to response and recovery time for all samples  while being exposed to various concentrations  of H2S gas  at  room temperature. Studying the results  it is  clear  that as the H2S gas concentration increases, the response time decreases and the recovery time increases.  This  is because as H2S gas concentration increases, the probability of a reaction between gas and ionized oxygen becomes more probable, and more reactions  will be observed  in a shorter time which causes the resistance to change faste r and finally reach a constant level. As the concentration goes up, more H2S gas molecules are absorbed and their desorption requires a longer time. The resistance of different samples as a function of detection temperature before exposure to H2S gas  is shown in fig. 9. In all thickness, a decrease of resistivity is observed with temperature increase due to electrical properties of semiconductor, as well as increase of oxidation reaction rate. In the case  of  300 nm Te films the variation of resistance is insignificant because of  the  very low resistance of this sample. Fig.  10 shows the results related to sensitivity as a function of temperature while being exposed to 8ppm of H2S gas. Investigating the results,  it is found that temperature rise leads to reductions in  sensitivity in all samples, because the number of charge carriers in samples increases as  the  temperature rises and as a result, when samples are exposed to H2S gas, no tangible resistance c hange is observed and sensitivity decreases [18]. In samples with 300nm thickness and with temperatures above 90C °Ã‚  there is no sensitivity against H2S gas,  since the number of charge carriers is so  high  that their change is never tangible by reaction with H2S gas. Fig. 11 shows the recovery and response times as a function of temperature while being exposed  to  8 ppm H2S gas. In all samples,  as the temperature rises the response and recovery time decreases. Overall, two factors are effective for a reaction: first, the molecules which are going to take part in the reaction must have a lot of energy, second, they must collide with one another in an appropriate direction. Temperature rise causes an increase in energy and more effective collisions will take place between reactants, and the response and recovery time decrease. To study the effect of UV irradiation on the sensor properties during the gas detection, samples are simultaneously exposed to 8 ppm H2S gas and UV radiation  at  room temperature. Fig. 12 shows a comparison between the sensor sensitivity of the UV exposed  and unexposed cases as a function of Te film thickness. It is obvious that application of UV radiation results in a dramatic reduction of sensors sensitivity. As it is well-know, UV radiation creates supplementary charge carriers by an excess of electron-hole pairs formation.  Increase of charge carriers number  involves a decrease of resistance such that the changes of resistance  are  not tangible while reacting with H2S gas. Fig. 13 presents the recovery and response times as a function of H2S gas concentration before and after exposure to UV radiation.  It is observed  that the recovery and response times strongly depend on UV radiation. These two parameters decrease with UV radiation due to creation of electron-hole pairs. The created electrons react with adsorbed oxygen, so the number of ionized oxygen reacting with H2S gas increase, which can result in an increase of reaction rate between oxygen and H2S gas. The above explanations can be summarized in the following reactions: O2(gas) O2(ads)(4) O2(ads) + e O2(ads)(5) hÃŽ ½ e + h O2  (ads)+ e 2O(ads)(6) H2S(gas) + O  (ads) H2(gas) + SO(gas) +e(7) It is worth  noting that the increase of UV radiation intensity has no effect on sensitivity,  response and recovery times of Te sensors. Also, to evaluate sensor stability, the samples of 100 nm and 200 nm Te film  were  subjected to 8 ppm H2S at room temperature  for 60 days, then  their basic resistance and sensitivity were measured as shown in fig. 14. The results indicate that both resistance and sensitivity of sensors remain  nearly  constant, confirming suitability of Te films for use as sensor. Conclusion In this work, thickness effect of Te films for H2S gas sensing are investigated. A strong dependence  on  electrical resistance and sensitivity to Te film thickness is observed.  This  means that increasing the thickness leads to a decrease of sensor sensitivity and increase of response and recovery times.  Considering  the sensing mechanism of Te thin films which is based on the interaction of ionized oxygen with H2S gas, the grain boundaries and the surface roughness could be considered as active sites for trapping the gas molecules. Thickness increase leads to a decrease of these active sites. The results show that although the Te sensor can operate at room temperature, a decrease of response-recovery times can be obtained at higher operating temperatures. Raman spectroscopy shows that adsorbed oxygen on the surface of Te films can be removed after exposure to H2S gas,  leading to changes in the film resistance,  UV radiation,  as well as response-recovery times. The prepared sensors present a stability in sensitivity and resistance for 60 days after exposure to H2S gas which confirms  their ability to  be  used  as H2S gas sensor.